Curtiss P-40 Warhawk

United States Army Air Forces


A total of 15 entire USAAF pursuit/fighter [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] (FG), along with other pursuit/fighter [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and few tactical
reconnaissance (TR) units, operated the P-40 during 1941–45.

As was also the case with the P-39, many USAAF officers considered the P-40 inadequate, and it was gradually replaced by the turbo-supercharged P-38, P-51 and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

However, the bulk of the fighter operations by the USAAF in 1942–43 were borne by the P-40 and the P-39.

In the Pacific, these two fighters, along with the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], contributed more than any other U.S. types to breaking Japanese air power during this critical period.

Pacific theaters


The P-40 was the main USAAF fighter aircraft in the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] during 1941–42.

In the first major battles, at [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and in [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], USAAF P-40 squadrons suffered crippling losses on the ground and air to Japanese fighters like the "Oscar" and Zero.

However, in the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] (Provisional), formed from USAAF pilots evacuated from the Philippines, claimed 49 Japanese aircraft destroyed, for the loss of 17 P-40s.

And in the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], as well as the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], improved tactics and training allowed the USAAF to more effectively utilize the strengths of the P-40.

Due to aircraft fatigue, spare parts and replacement problems, the US [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] created a joint P-40 management and replacement pool on 30 July 1942 and many P-40s went back and forth between both air forces.

The [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] was in action in the Pacific from the beginning of the war.

[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] scored 10 kills (from 14 kills overall) in the P-40 with the 49th FG.
He compared the P-40 favorably with the P-38 :

If you flew wisely, the P-40 was a very capable aircraft. [It] could outturn a P-38, a fact that some pilots didn't realise when they made the transition between the two aircraft. [...] The real problem with it was lack of range.
As we pushed the Japanese back, P-40 pilots were slowly left out of the war. So when I moved to P-38s, an excellent aircraft, I did not [believe] that the P-40 was an inferior fighter, but because I knew the P-38 would allow us to reach the enemy. I was a fighter pilot and that was what I was supposed to do."

The 8th, 15th, 18th, 24th, 49th, 343rd and 347th PGs/FGs, along with the 71st TRG, flew P-40s in the Pacific theaters, between 1941 and 1945, with most units converting to P-38s during 1943-44.

They claimed 655 aerial victories.

Contrary to conventional wisdom, with sufficient altitude the P-40 could actually turn with the A6M and other Japanese fighters, using a combination of nose-down vertical turn with a bank turn, a technique known as a [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

Robert DeHaven describes how this tactic was used in the 49th Fighter group:

[Y]ou could fight a Jap on even terms, but you had to make him fight your way. He could outturn you at slow speed. You could outturn him at high speed. When you got into a turning fight with him, you dropped your nose down so you kept your airspeed up, you could outturn him.
At low speed he could outroll you because of those big ailerons ... on the Zero.
If your speed was up over 275, you could outroll [a Zero]. His big ailerons didn't have the strength to make high speed rolls... You could push things, too. Because ... [i]f you decided to go home, you could go home. He couldn't
because you could outrun him. [...] That left you in control of the fight.

China-Burma-India theater

USAAF and Chinese P-40 pilots performed extremely well in this theater, scoring high [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] against Japanese types such as the Ki-43, [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] "Tojo" and the Zero.

The P-40 remained in use in the CBI until 1944, and was reportedly preferred over the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] by some US pilots
flying in China.

The American Volunteer Group (Flying Tigers) was integrated into the USAAF as the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

The unit continued to fly newer model P-40s until the end of the war, racking up a high kill-to-loss ratio.

Units arriving in the China-Burma-India theater after the AVG in the 10th and 14th air forces continued to perform well with the P-40, [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] 973 kills in the theater, or 64.8 percent of all enemy aircraft shot down.

Aviation historian Carl Molesworth stated that "...the P-40 simply dominated the skies over Burma and China.
They were able to establish air superiority over free China, northern Burma and the Assam valley of India in 1942, and they never relinquished it."

In addition to the 23rd FG, the 3rd, 5th, 51st and 80th FGs, along with the 10th TRS, operated the P-40 in the CBI (note, although part of the US 14th AF, the P-40s of 3rd and 5th FGs of the Chinese American Composite Wing were flown by both American and Chinese pilots).
In addition to its role as a fighter aircraft, CBI P-40 pilots used the aircraft very effectively as a fighter-bomber.

The [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] in particular used its so-called B-40 (P-40s carrying 1,000-pound high explosive bombs) to destroy Japanese-held bridges and kill bridge repair crews, sometimes demolishing their target with a single bomb.

At least 40 U.S. pilots reached ace status while flying the P-40 in the CBI.

Europe and Mediterranean theaters


The first confirmed victory by a USAAF unit over a German aircraft in World War II was achieved by a P-40C pilot on 14 August 1942. 2nd Lt Joseph D. Shaffer, of the 33rd Fighter Squadron, intercepted a [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] C-3 that overflew his base at [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

Shaffer damaged the Fw 200, which was finished off by a P-38F.

Warhawks were used extensively in the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] (MTO) by USAAF units, including the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]

While the P-40 suffered heavy loses in the MTO, many USAAF P-40 units achieved high kill-to-loss ratios against Axis aircraft.
For example the 324th FG scored better than a 2:1 ratio in the MTO.

In all, 23 U.S. pilots became aces in the MTO while flying the P-40, most of them during the first half of 1943.

As in the Pacific, success in combat depended in part on experience and effective tactics.

Individual pilots from the 57th FG were the first USAAF P-40 pilots to see action in the MTO, while attached to Desert Air Force Kittyhawk squadrons, from July 1942.

The 57th was also the main unit involved in the "Palm Sunday Massacre", of 18 April 1943.

De-coded [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] signals had given away a plan for a large formation of German [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] transports to cross the Mediterranean, escorted by Bf 109s. An ambush was planned, using three squadrons of the 57th, a P-40 squadron from the 324th FG and a small group of Desert Air Force Spitfires.

In total the Allied force numbered some 80 fighters.

They intercepted 65 Ju 52/3ms, covered by eight Bf 109s.

Fifty one of the Junkers transports and all eight of the Bf 109s were shot down in what became known as the "Palm Sunday Massacre".

Only six Allied fighters were lost, five of them P-40s. On 22 April a similar force of P-40s attacked a formation
of 14 [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] covered by seven Bf 109s from II./JG 27. All of the transports were shot down, for a loss
of three P-40s destroyed.

The 57th FG was equipped with the Curtiss fighter until early 1944, during which time they were credited with at
least 140 air-to-air kills.

In early 1943, 75 P-40Ls were transported on the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

On 23 February, during [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], the pilots of the 58th FG few these P-40s off Ranger to land on at newly-captured Vichy French airfield, Cazas, near [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], in [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

The aircraft resupplied the 33rd FG and the pilots were reassigned.

The 325th FG (also known as the "Checkertail Clan"), also flew P-40s in the MTO.

The 325th was credited with at least 133 air-to-air kills in April-October 1943, of which 95 were Bf 109s and 26 were Macchi C.202s, for the loss of only 17 P-40s in combat.

An anecdote concerning the 325th FG, indicates what could happen if Bf 109 pilots made the mistake of trying to
out-turn the P-40. According to 325th FG historian Carol Cathcart:

"on 30 July, 20 P-40s of the 317th [Fighter Squadron] ... took off on a fighter sweep ... over [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
As they turned to fly south over the west
part of the island, they were attacked near [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]... The attacking force consisted of 25 to 30 Bf 109s and Macchi C.202s... In the brief, intense battle that occurred ... [the 317th claimed] 21 enemy aircraft."

Cathcart states that Lt. Robert Sederberg who assisted a comrade being attacked by five Bf 109s, destroyed at
least one German aircraft, and may have shot down as many as five.
Sederberg was shot down in the dogfight and became a prisoner of war.

A famous [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] unit, the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], better known as the "Tuskegee Airmen" or "Redtails", flew P-40s in stateside training and for their initial eight months in the MTO. On 9 June 1943, they became the first African American fighter pilots to engage enemy aircraft, over [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], Italy.

A single [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] was reported damaged by Lieutenant Willie Ashley Jr. On 2 July the squadron claimed
its first verified kill; a Fw 190 destroyed by Captain Charles Hall.

The 99th would continue to score with P-40s until February 1944, when they were assigned P-39s.

The much-lightened P-40L was most heavily used in the MTO, primarily by U.S. pilots. Many US pilots stripped down their P-40s even further to improve performance, often removing two or more of the wing guns from the P-40F/L.

Royal Australian Air Force


The Kittyhawk was the main fighter used by the RAAF in World War II, in greater numbers than the Spitfire.

Two RAAF squadrons serving with the Desert Air Force, [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], were the first Australian units to be assigned P-40s. Other RAAF pilots served with RAF or SAAF P-40 squadrons in the theater.

Many RAAF pilots achieved high scores in the P-40. At least five reached "double ace" status:

Clive Caldwell, [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] (11 kills each) and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] (10 kills) in the Middle East, North African and/or [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

In all, 18 RAAF pilots became aces while flying P-40s.

Nicky Barr, like many Australian pilots, considered the P-40 a reliable mount:

"The Kittyhawk became, to me, a friend. It was quite capable of getting you out of trouble more often than not. It was a real warhorse."

At the same time as the heaviest fighting in North Africa, the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] was also in its early stages, and RAAF units in Australia were completely lacking in suitable fighter aircraft.

Spitfire production was being absorbed by the war in Europe; P-38s and P-39s were trialled, but were regarded as unsuitable and were also difficult to obtain; Mustangs had not yet reached squadrons anywhere, and Australia's
tiny and inexperienced aircraft industry was geared towards larger aircraft.

USAAF P-40s and their pilots originally intended for the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] in the Philippines, but diverted to Australia as a result of Japanese naval activity were the first suitable fighter aircraft to arrive in substantial numbers.

By mid-1942, the RAAF was able to obtain some USAAF replacement shipments; the P-40 was given the RAAF designation A-29.

RAAF Kittyhawks played a crucial role in the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

They fought on the front line as fighters during the critical early years of the Pacific War, and the durability
and bomb-carrying abilities (1,000 lb/454 kg) of the P-40 also made it ideal for the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] role.

For example, [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] Squadrons played a critical role during the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], fending off Japanese aircraft and providing highly effective close air support for the Australian infantry, negating the initial Japanese advantage in light tanks and sea power.

The RAAF units which made the most use of Kittyhawks in the South West Pacific were: 75, 76, [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] Squadrons. These squadrons saw action mostly in the New Guinea and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

Late in 1945, RAAF fighter squadrons in the South West Pacific began converting to P-51Ds.

However, Kittyhawks were in use with the RAAF until the very last day of the war, in Borneo. In all, the RAAF acquired 841 Kittyhawks (not counting the British-ordered examples used in North Africa), including 163 P-40E, 42 P-40K, 90 P-40 M and 553 P-40N models.

In addition, the RAAF ordered 67 Kittyhawks for use by [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] (a joint Australian-[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] unit in the South West Pacific).
The P-40 was retired by the RAAF in 1947.

Royal Canadian Air Force


In mid-May 1940, the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] had its first look at the P-40.

At that time a party of American officers flew to Uplands Airport near Ottawa where they saw the XP-40 and a Spitfire flown in comparative tests.
When Canadian Army requirements for France were drawn up, one of the units was to have been an Army Co-operation Wing (No. 101) consisting of three squadrons: [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] (previously No. 110) Squadron and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], equipped with P-40 Tomahawk aircraft, formed No. 39 (Army Co-operation) Wing (RCAF).

By January 1943, all three squadrons had converted to the Mustang Mk I.

In all, the RCAF received 72 Kittyhawk I, 12 Kittyhawk Ia, 15 Kittyhawk III and 35 Kittyhawk IV aircraft, for a total of 134 aircraft, plus the loan of nine P-40Ks in the Aleutians, all in lieu of the 144 P-39 Airacobras originally allotted to Canada and rejected.

One of the most significant uses of the RCAF P-40s occurred in the 1942 [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

When the Imperial Japanese Navy moved to [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], it sent a diversionary battle group to attack the Aleutian Islands.

The RCAF sent [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], flying the Kittyhawk I, to a forward base on Adak Island, Alaska.

During the drawn-out campaign, 12 Canadian Kittyhawks operated on a rotational basis from a new, more advanced base on [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], 75 mi (121 km) southeast of [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

Two RCAF fighter squadrons, No. 111 and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], took "turn-about" at the base. During the deployment, one [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] was shot down by Squadron Leader [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

After the Japanese threat diminished, the RCAF units returned to Canada and eventually transferred to England without their Kittyhawks.

Royal New Zealand Air Force

Some [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] (RNZAF) pilots and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] in other air forces flew British P-40s while serving with DAF squadrons in North Africa and Italy, including the ace [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

A total of 301 P-40s were allocated to the RNZAF under lend lease, for use in the Pacific Theatre, although four of these were lost in transit. The aircraft equipped [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

RNZAF P-40 squadrons were successful in air combat against the Japanese between 1942 and 1944.

Their pilots claimed 100 aerial victories in P-40s, whilst losing 20 aircraft in combat.

[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], the highest scoring British Commonwealth ace in the Pacific, flew P-40s with 15 Squadron, although half of his victories were claimed with the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

The overwhelming majority of RNZAF P-40 victories were scored against Japanese fighters, mostly Zeroes.

Other victories included [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] "Val" dive bombers. The only confirmed twin engine claim, a [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] "Sally" (misidentified as a [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] "Betty") fell to Fisken in July 1943.

From late 1943 and 1944, RNZAF P-40s were increasingly used against ground targets, including the innovative use of naval depth charges as improvised high-capacity bombs.

The last front line RNZAF P-40s were replaced by [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] in 1944.

The P-40s were relegated to use as advanced pilot trainers.

The remaining RNZAF P-40s, excluding the 20 shot down and 154 written off, were mostly scrapped at [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] in 1948.

Soviet Union


The Soviet [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] (VVS; "Military Air Forces") and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] (MA; "Naval Air Service") also referred to P-40s as Tomahawks and Kittyhawks.

Their units used 2,097 Tomahawks and Kittyhawks against the Germans; most Soviet P-40 squadrons had good combat records.
They provided close air support as well as air-to-air capability, with many Soviet pilots becoming aces on the P-40, although not as many as on the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], which was the most numerous Lend Lease fighter used by the Soviet Union.

The Soviets found that the P-40 was a match for the BF 109.

In January some 198 aircraft sorties were flown (334 flying hours) and 11 aerial engagements were conducted, in which five Bf-109s, one Ju-88, and one He-111 were shot down.

These statistics reveal a surprising fact: it turns out that the Tomahawk was fully capable of successful air combat with a Bf-109.
The reports of pilots about the circumstances of the engagements confirm this fact. On 18 January 1942, Lieutenants S. V. Levin and I. P. Levsha (in pair) fought an engagement with seven Bf-109s and shot down two of them without loss.

On 22 January a flight of three aircraft led by Lieutenant E. E. Lozov engaged 13 enemy aircraft and shot down two Bf-109Es, again without loss. Altogether in January two Tomahawks were lost-one shot down by German antiaircraft artillery and only one by Messerschmitts.

The Soviets stripped down their P-40s significantly for combat, in many cases removing the wing guns altogether in P-40B/C types, for example.

Soviet Air Force reports state that they liked the range and fuel capacity of the P-40 which were superior to most
of the Soviet fighters, though they still preferred the P-39.

Their biggest complaint was its poor climb rate and problems with maintenance, especially with burning out the engines.

VVS pilots usually flew the P-40 at War Emergency Power settings while in combat, this would bring the acceleration and speed performance closer to that of their German rivals, but could burn out engines in a matter of weeks.

They also had difficulty with the more demanding requirements for fuel quality and oil purity of the Allison engines.

A fair number of burnt out P-40s were re-engined with Soviet Klimov engines but these performed relatively poorly and were relegated to rear area use.

The P-40 saw the most front-line use in Soviet hands in 1942 and early 1943.

It was used in the northern sectors and played a significant role in the defense of Leningrad.

The most numerically important types were P-40B/C, P-40E and P-40K/M.
By the time the better P-40F and N types became available, production of superior Soviet fighters had increased sufficiently so that the P-40 was replaced in most Soviet Air Force units by the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and various later Yakovlev types.

Japan

The [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] captured some P-40s and later operated a number in [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

The Japanese appear to have had as many as ten flyable P-40Es.
For a brief period, during 1943, a few of them were actually used operationally by 2 Hiko Chutai, 50 Hiko Sentai (2nd
Air Squadron, 50th Air Regiment) in the defense of [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

Testimony to this fact is given by [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], a member of the 64 Hiko Sentai. In his memoirs, he says one
Japanese-operated P-40 was shot down in error by a friendly [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] "Sally" over Rangoon.

Other nations

The P-40 was used by over two dozen countries during and after the war.

The P-40 was also used by [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]. The last P-40s in military service were those
used by the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] (FAB), which were finally retired in 1958.

In the air war over Finland, several Soviet P-40s were shot down or had to crash land due to other reasons.

The Finns, short of good aircraft, collected these and managed to repair one P-40M, P-40M-10-CU 43-5925, "white 23", which received [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] serial number KH-51 (KH denoting "Kittyhawk", as the British designation of this type was Kittyhawk III).

This aircraft was attached to an operational squadron HLeLv 32 of the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], but lack of spares kept it on the ground, with the exception of a few evaluation flights.

Une bibliographie du P 40

1 :

• Alexander, Kristin. Clive Caldwell: Air Ace. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2006. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Arena, Nino. Macchi 205
  "Veltro" (in Italian). Modena: Stem Mucchi Editore, 1994.
  
• Boyne, Walter J. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] New York: Simon & Schuster,
  1994. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Boyne, Walter J. and Michael Fopp. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] Santa
  Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2002. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Bowers, Peter M. Curtiss Aircraft,
  1907-1947. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1979. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Bowers, Peter M. and Enzo Angellucci. The American Fighter. New York: Orion Books, 1987. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Brown, Russell. Desert Warriors: Australian P-40 Pilots at War in the Middle East and North Africa, 1941-1943. Maryborough, Australia: Banner Books, 1983. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Crawford, Jerry L. Messerschmitt BF 110 Zerstörer in action. Carrollton,
  Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1977. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Dean, Francis H. America's Hundred
  Thousand. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 1997. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Donald, David, ed. "Curtiss Model 81/87 (P-40 Warhawk)"Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke,
  ON: Prospero, 1997. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Ford, Daniel. Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941-1942. Washington,
  DC: HarperCollins|Smithsonian Books, 2007. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Ethell, Jeffrey L. and Joe Christy. P-40 Hawks at War. Shepperton,
  UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1979. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Glancey, Jonathan. Spitfire: The Illustrated Biography. London: Atlantic Books, 2006. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War, Volume Four: Fighters. London: MacDonald
  & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1961 (Sixth impression 1969). [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. WW2 Aircraft Fact Files: US Army Air Force Fighters, Part 1. London:
  Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd., 1977. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Hardesty, Von. Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941–1945. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1982. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Higham, Robin. Flying American Combat Aircraft of WW II. Manhattan, Kansas: Sunflower
  University Press, 2004. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Horn, Alex. Wings Over the Pacific: The RNZAF in the Pacific Air War. Auckland, NZ: Random House New
  Zealand, 1992. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Johnsen, F.A. P-40 Warhawk (Warbird History). St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International,
  1999. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  

Trois videos sur les "Tigres Volants" qui étaient équipés de P40s. La première :

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Puis la deuxième :

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et enfin la dernière :

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