Mitsubishi A5M
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Mitsubishi A5M
Texte original sur Wikipedia version de langue anglaise, merci
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The Mitsubishi A5M was a [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
It was the world's first [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] shipboard fighter and the direct ancestor of the famous [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
The Allied code-name was Claude; the Japanese Navy designation was "Type 96 carrier-based fighter"
(九六式艦上戦闘機).
Design and development
In 1934, the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] prepared a specification for an advanced fighter, requiring a maximum speed of 350 km/h (220 mph) at 3,000 m (9,840 ft) and able to climb to 5,000 m (16,400 ft) in 6.5 minutes.
This 9-shi (1934) specification produced designs from both [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
Mitsubishi assigned the task of designing the new fighter to a team lead by [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] (later responsible for the famous A6M Zero).
The resulting design, designated Ka-14 by Mitsubishi, was an all-metal low-wing fighter, with a thin elliptical inverted [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and a fixed [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], which was chosen as the increase in performance (estimated as only a 3% increase in maximum speed) arising from use of a retractable undercarriage was not felt to justify the extra weight.
The first [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], powered by a 447 kW (600 hp) [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] 5 [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], flew on 4 February 1935
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The Mitsubishi A5M was a [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
It was the world's first [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] shipboard fighter and the direct ancestor of the famous [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
The Allied code-name was Claude; the Japanese Navy designation was "Type 96 carrier-based fighter"
(九六式艦上戦闘機).
Design and development
In 1934, the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] prepared a specification for an advanced fighter, requiring a maximum speed of 350 km/h (220 mph) at 3,000 m (9,840 ft) and able to climb to 5,000 m (16,400 ft) in 6.5 minutes.
This 9-shi (1934) specification produced designs from both [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
Mitsubishi assigned the task of designing the new fighter to a team lead by [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] (later responsible for the famous A6M Zero).
The resulting design, designated Ka-14 by Mitsubishi, was an all-metal low-wing fighter, with a thin elliptical inverted [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and a fixed [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], which was chosen as the increase in performance (estimated as only a 3% increase in maximum speed) arising from use of a retractable undercarriage was not felt to justify the extra weight.
The first [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], powered by a 447 kW (600 hp) [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] 5 [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], flew on 4 February 1935
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The aircraft far exceeded the requirements of the specification, with a maximum speed of 450 km/h (279 mph) being
reached.
The second prototype was fitted with a revised, ungulled wing, and after various changes to maximize maneuverability and reduce drag, was ordered into production as the A5M.
With the Ka-14 demonstrating excellent performance, the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] ordered a single modified prototype for evaluation as the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
While this demonstrated similar performance to the Navy aircraft and hence was far faster than the IJAAF's current fighter, the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], the type was rejected by the army owing to its reduced maneuverability.
The Army then produced a specification for an improved advanced fighter to replace the Ki-10. Mitsubishi, busy turning the Ka-14 into the A5M, submitted a minimally changed aircraft as the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], this being defeated by Nakajima's competing aircraft, which was ordered into service as the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
reached.
The second prototype was fitted with a revised, ungulled wing, and after various changes to maximize maneuverability and reduce drag, was ordered into production as the A5M.
With the Ka-14 demonstrating excellent performance, the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] ordered a single modified prototype for evaluation as the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
While this demonstrated similar performance to the Navy aircraft and hence was far faster than the IJAAF's current fighter, the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], the type was rejected by the army owing to its reduced maneuverability.
The Army then produced a specification for an improved advanced fighter to replace the Ki-10. Mitsubishi, busy turning the Ka-14 into the A5M, submitted a minimally changed aircraft as the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], this being defeated by Nakajima's competing aircraft, which was ordered into service as the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
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Operational history
The aircraft entered service in early [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], soon seeing action in pitched aerial battles at the start of the Second [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], including air-to-air battles with the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]'s [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]C Model 281 "Peashooters" in what was the world's first-ever aerial dogfighting and kills between monoplane fighters built of mostly metal.
There, they proved themselves the better of every aircraft they encountered, though the Mitsubishi team continued to improve the A5M, working through versions until the final A5M5, which added a ventral drop-tank for extended range.
Even though only armed with a pair of 7,7 mm machine-guns, the new Mitsubishi fighter proved effective and
damage tolerant, with excellent maneuverability and a very robust construction
The aircraft entered service in early [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], soon seeing action in pitched aerial battles at the start of the Second [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], including air-to-air battles with the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]'s [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]C Model 281 "Peashooters" in what was the world's first-ever aerial dogfighting and kills between monoplane fighters built of mostly metal.
There, they proved themselves the better of every aircraft they encountered, though the Mitsubishi team continued to improve the A5M, working through versions until the final A5M5, which added a ventral drop-tank for extended range.
Even though only armed with a pair of 7,7 mm machine-guns, the new Mitsubishi fighter proved effective and
damage tolerant, with excellent maneuverability and a very robust construction
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The most dangerous foe was the I-16, fast and well armed, often manned by Soviet aircrews.
A5M's escorted the then-modern but vulnerable G3Ms in their raids, almost ending opposition by Nationalist air force.
Fierce battles were fought, especially on 18 February 1938 and 29 April, among the large air battles fought to that time.
The battle of 29 April saw 67 Polikarpov against 18 G3Ms escorted by 27 A5Ms. Both parties claimed victory.
The Chinese / Soviet side claimed 21 Japanese aircraft (11 fighters and 10 bombers) with 50 air crew killed; the Japanese admitted only two G3Ms and two A5Ms shot down,and in turn claimed no less than forty kills, so the real outcome is unclear.
A5M's escorted the then-modern but vulnerable G3Ms in their raids, almost ending opposition by Nationalist air force.
Fierce battles were fought, especially on 18 February 1938 and 29 April, among the large air battles fought to that time.
The battle of 29 April saw 67 Polikarpov against 18 G3Ms escorted by 27 A5Ms. Both parties claimed victory.
The Chinese / Soviet side claimed 21 Japanese aircraft (11 fighters and 10 bombers) with 50 air crew killed; the Japanese admitted only two G3Ms and two A5Ms shot down,and in turn claimed no less than forty kills, so the real outcome is unclear.
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A [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] version, the A5M4-K was also built (103 examples).
This had a two-seater [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and continued in use for fighter training long after the regular A5M left front-line service.
Almost all A5Ms had open cockpits; a closed cockpit was tried, but found little favor among Navy aviators.
All had fixed, non-retractable undercarriage with (except for the trainers) wheel spats.
Some A5Ms were still in service at the beginning of World War II in the Pacific.
United States intelligence sources believed the A5M was still the primary Navy fighter, but they had already been replaced by the A6M 'Zero' on first-line aircraft carriers and with the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
Other Japanese carriers and air groups continued to use the A5M until production of the 'Zero' caught up with demand.
The last combat actions with the A5M as a fighter took place at the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] on 7 May 1942, when two A5Ms and four A6Ms of the Japanese carrier [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] fought against the US planes that sunk their carrier.
This had a two-seater [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and continued in use for fighter training long after the regular A5M left front-line service.
Almost all A5Ms had open cockpits; a closed cockpit was tried, but found little favor among Navy aviators.
All had fixed, non-retractable undercarriage with (except for the trainers) wheel spats.
Some A5Ms were still in service at the beginning of World War II in the Pacific.
United States intelligence sources believed the A5M was still the primary Navy fighter, but they had already been replaced by the A6M 'Zero' on first-line aircraft carriers and with the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
Other Japanese carriers and air groups continued to use the A5M until production of the 'Zero' caught up with demand.
The last combat actions with the A5M as a fighter took place at the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] on 7 May 1942, when two A5Ms and four A6Ms of the Japanese carrier [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] fought against the US planes that sunk their carrier.
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Most remaining airframes were used for [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] attacks in the closing months of the war.
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Versions
Ka-14
Six prototypes with various engines and design modifications.
A5M1
Navy carrier-based fighter, Model 1 : first production model with 633 kW (850 hp) Kotobuki 2 KAI I engine.
A5M2/2a
Model 21: More powerful engine.
A5M2b
Model 22: First production examples with [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and 477 kW (640 hp) Kotobuki 3 engine.
A5M3a
Prototypes with 448 kW (601 hp) [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] 12 Xcrs engine.
----------------------------
Versions
Ka-14
Six prototypes with various engines and design modifications.
A5M1
Navy carrier-based fighter, Model 1 : first production model with 633 kW (850 hp) Kotobuki 2 KAI I engine.
A5M2/2a
Model 21: More powerful engine.
A5M2b
Model 22: First production examples with [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and 477 kW (640 hp) Kotobuki 3 engine.
A5M3a
Prototypes with 448 kW (601 hp) [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] 12 Xcrs engine.
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A5M4
Model 24 (ex-Model 4): The A5M2b with different engine, closed cockpit, additional detachable [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
The last production models (Model 34) with Kotobuki 41 KAI engine.
A5M1-A5M4
780 constructed by Mitsubishi. 39 constructed by Watanabe, 161 manufactured by Naval Ohmura Arsenal.
A5M4-K
Two seat trainer version of A5M4, 103 constructed by Naval Ohmura Arsenal.
Ki-18
Main article: [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]
Single prototype land-based version for IJAAF, based on the A5M. 410 kW (550 hp) Kotobuki 5 engine.
Ki-33
Main article: [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]
Two prototypes, a development of Ki-18 with a different engine, and closed cockpit.
Total Production (all versions): 1,094
Model 24 (ex-Model 4): The A5M2b with different engine, closed cockpit, additional detachable [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
The last production models (Model 34) with Kotobuki 41 KAI engine.
A5M1-A5M4
780 constructed by Mitsubishi. 39 constructed by Watanabe, 161 manufactured by Naval Ohmura Arsenal.
A5M4-K
Two seat trainer version of A5M4, 103 constructed by Naval Ohmura Arsenal.
Ki-18
Main article: [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]
Single prototype land-based version for IJAAF, based on the A5M. 410 kW (550 hp) Kotobuki 5 engine.
Ki-33
Main article: [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]
Two prototypes, a development of Ki-18 with a different engine, and closed cockpit.
Total Production (all versions): 1,094
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Specifications (Mitsubishi A5M4)
Data from The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II
General characteristics
Performance
Armament
Data from The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II
General characteristics
- Crew: One
- Length: 7.55 m (24 ft 9¼ in)
- [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]: 11.0 m (36 ft 1 in)
- Height: 3.20 m (10 ft 6 in)
- Wing area: 17.8 m² (191.6 ft²)
- Empty weight: 1,216 kg (2,681 lb)
- Loaded weight: 1,705 kg (3,759 lb)
- [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]: 1,822 kg (4,017 lb)
- Powerplant: 1× [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] 41 9-cylinder [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], 585 kW (785 hp) at 3,000 m (9,840 ft)
Performance
- [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]: 440 km/h (237 knots, 273 mph) at 3,000 m (9,840 ft)
- [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]: 1,200 km (649 NM, 746 mi)
- [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]: 9,800 m (32,150 ft)
- [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]: m/s (ft/min)
- [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]: 95.8.7 kg/m² (19.6 lb/ft²)
- [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]: 0.34 kW/kg (0.21 hp/lb)
Armament
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Bibliography
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]
- Francillon, René J. Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. London:
Putnam & Company Ltd., 1970 (second edition 1979). [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]. - Green, William. Warplanes of the Second World War, Volume Three: Fighters. London: Macdonald & Co.
(Publishers) Ltd., 1961 (seventh impression 1973). [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]. - Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon.
"The Zero Precursor...Mitsubishi's A5M". [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]. Number 19, August-November 1982. Pages 26–43. - Januszewski, Tadeusz. Mitsubishi A5M Claude. Sandomierz, Poland/Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model
Publications, 2003. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]. - Mikesh, Robert and Abe, Shorzoe. Japanese Aircraft 1910-1941.London: Putnam, 1990. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
- Mondey, David (editor). The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II. London:Chancellor,
1996. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]
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