Accueil
Dernières images
S'enregistrer
ConnexionBAC TSR-2
2 participants
aeronewsline :: Accueil :: Histoire :: Aéronefs 1956 à 1965
Page 2 sur 6
Page 2 sur 6 • 
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 
Re: BAC TSR-2
par Nooril Jeu 22 Juil 2010, 09:50
The introduction of the radar-guided [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] (SAM) significantly upset this balance.
SAMs attacked in a straight line from below, and had speed and altitude performance much greater than any contemporary aircraft.
The Canberra, and other high-altitude aircraft like the British [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] or [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], were extremely vulnerable to these weapons.
The first aircraft to fall victim to the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] ([Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] name "SA-2 Guideline") SAM was a [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], a
high-altitude reconnaissance version of the Canberra, shot down in 1959.
SAMs attacked in a straight line from below, and had speed and altitude performance much greater than any contemporary aircraft.
The Canberra, and other high-altitude aircraft like the British [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] or [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], were extremely vulnerable to these weapons.
The first aircraft to fall victim to the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] ([Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] name "SA-2 Guideline") SAM was a [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], a
high-altitude reconnaissance version of the Canberra, shot down in 1959.
Nooril- CLUB
- Messages : 834
Re: BAC TSR-2
par Nooril Jeu 22 Juil 2010, 09:58
The solution was to fly lower. Since [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] operates in [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], an aircraft flying at 200 ft (60 m) only becomes visible at about 25 miles (40 km) distance.
An aircraft travelling just under [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], say Mach 0.85 or 650 mph (1046 km/h), will cover this distance in a little over two minutes, giving the SAM site very little time to prepare for an attack.
In practice, trees, hills, valleys and any other obstructions reduce this range even more, making an attack extremely
difficult.
An aircraft travelling just under [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], say Mach 0.85 or 650 mph (1046 km/h), will cover this distance in a little over two minutes, giving the SAM site very little time to prepare for an attack.
In practice, trees, hills, valleys and any other obstructions reduce this range even more, making an attack extremely
difficult.
Nooril- CLUB
- Messages : 834
Re: BAC TSR-2
par Nooril Jeu 22 Juil 2010, 09:59
The Canberra was designed for medium to high-altitude flight and could not be easily flown at lower altitudes.
In particular, its large wings would result in high loads due to turbulence.
Additionally, navigation at low altitudes is a demanding task, one that the 1940s-era electronics of the Canberra was simply not up to.
Low-level strike aircraft, or "interdictors" as they became known, grew into a new class of their own during the late 1950s.
They generally featured high [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] to reduce the effects of turbulence, some form of high performance
navigational radar to allow them to fly very low at high speeds, and large fuel loads to offset the higher fuel use at low altitudes.
In particular, its large wings would result in high loads due to turbulence.
Additionally, navigation at low altitudes is a demanding task, one that the 1940s-era electronics of the Canberra was simply not up to.
Low-level strike aircraft, or "interdictors" as they became known, grew into a new class of their own during the late 1950s.
They generally featured high [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] to reduce the effects of turbulence, some form of high performance
navigational radar to allow them to fly very low at high speeds, and large fuel loads to offset the higher fuel use at low altitudes.
Nooril- CLUB
- Messages : 834
Re: BAC TSR-2
par Nooril Jeu 22 Juil 2010, 10:01
GOR.339
Aware of these issues, the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] started work with English Electric in 1956, attempting to define a new
interdictor.
Originally the designs concentrated on a smaller aircraft more similar to a fighter, and there was some discussion of developing the P.1B project (soon to become the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]) in this direction as the P.18, while a more capable design was begun under the P.17 designation.
These early studies eventually settled on an aircraft with a 2,000 nm (3,700 km) ferry range, Mach 1.5 speed "at
altitude", and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] or [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] performance.
Aware of these issues, the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] started work with English Electric in 1956, attempting to define a new
interdictor.
Originally the designs concentrated on a smaller aircraft more similar to a fighter, and there was some discussion of developing the P.1B project (soon to become the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]) in this direction as the P.18, while a more capable design was begun under the P.17 designation.
These early studies eventually settled on an aircraft with a 2,000 nm (3,700 km) ferry range, Mach 1.5 speed "at
altitude", and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] or [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] performance.
Nooril- CLUB
- Messages : 834
Re: BAC TSR-2
par Nooril Jeu 22 Juil 2010, 10:04
The latter requirement was a side-effect of common battle plans from the 1950s, which suggested that nuclear strikes in the opening stages of war would damage most [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and airbases, meaning that aircraft would need to take off from
improvised sites, or even fields.
As the project continued, the requirements continued to grow.
A crew of two was required, one operating the advanced navigational and attack equipment, and bombload was six 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs.
This basically eliminated the P.18 design as a suitable approach, and further work concentrated solely on the delta-wing P.17A.
improvised sites, or even fields.
As the project continued, the requirements continued to grow.
A crew of two was required, one operating the advanced navigational and attack equipment, and bombload was six 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs.
This basically eliminated the P.18 design as a suitable approach, and further work concentrated solely on the delta-wing P.17A.
Nooril- CLUB
- Messages : 834
Re: BAC TSR-2
par Nooril Jeu 22 Juil 2010, 10:05
The requirements were eventually made official in March 1957 with General [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] 339 (GOR.339).
This specification was exceptionally ambitious for the technology of the day, requiring a [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] all-weather aircraft that could deliver [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] over a long range, operate at high level at Mach 2+ or low level at Mach 1.2, with a [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] ability from rough and ready airstrips.
This specification was exceptionally ambitious for the technology of the day, requiring a [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] all-weather aircraft that could deliver [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] over a long range, operate at high level at Mach 2+ or low level at Mach 1.2, with a [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] ability from rough and ready airstrips.
Nooril- CLUB
- Messages : 834
Re: BAC TSR-2
par Nooril Jeu 22 Juil 2010, 10:07
Specifically the requirement included:
- deliver tactical nuclear weapons at low level in all weathers
- photo-reconnaissance at medium and low levels day and night
- electronic reconnaissance
- deliver tactical nuclear weapons day and night at medium altitudes blind bombing if necessary
- deliver conventional bombs and rockets
Nooril- CLUB
- Messages : 834
Re: BAC TSR-2
par Nooril Jeu 22 Juil 2010, 10:08
Low level was stated to be under 1,000 ft (300 m) with an expected attack speed at sea-level of Mach 0.95.
The operational range was to be 1,000 nautical miles (1,850 km) operating off runways of no more than 3,000 ft
(900 m).
The operational range was to be 1,000 nautical miles (1,850 km) operating off runways of no more than 3,000 ft
(900 m).
Nooril- CLUB
- Messages : 834
Re: BAC TSR-2
par Nooril Jeu 22 Juil 2010, 10:09
Political changes
As this specification was being studied by various manufacturers, the first of the political storms that were to dog the project reared its head, when Defence Minister [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] stated in the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] that the era of manned combat was at an end and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] were the weapons of the future.
Within a decade, this philosophy became thoroughly discredited, but at the time, and in the climate of the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and "[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]", the missile as a weapons system doubtless appeared to make some sense, especially as it seemed missiles would offer significant cost savings over manned aircraft.
Debate over the need for GOR.339 in light of the White Paper continued for some time, but the project was eventually
allowed to continue.
As this specification was being studied by various manufacturers, the first of the political storms that were to dog the project reared its head, when Defence Minister [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] stated in the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] that the era of manned combat was at an end and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] were the weapons of the future.
Within a decade, this philosophy became thoroughly discredited, but at the time, and in the climate of the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and "[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]", the missile as a weapons system doubtless appeared to make some sense, especially as it seemed missiles would offer significant cost savings over manned aircraft.
Debate over the need for GOR.339 in light of the White Paper continued for some time, but the project was eventually
allowed to continue.
Nooril- CLUB
- Messages : 834
Re: BAC TSR-2
par Nooril Jeu 22 Juil 2010, 10:11
Along with this was the uncertainty caused by the House of Commons Select Committee on Estimates' report of the year prior.
This report suggested that contracts should only be accepted from teams consisting of more than one company, in order to force the companies to merge.
This report suggested that contracts should only be accepted from teams consisting of more than one company, in order to force the companies to merge.
Nooril- CLUB
- Messages : 834
Re: BAC TSR-2
par Nooril Jeu 22 Juil 2010, 10:13
Although the large number of companies in the UK at the time was a problem, the Committee's solution to the problem led to various other problems when teams that had never even spoken before were forced to work together for no reason other than to have a chance of winning work.
Nooril- CLUB
- Messages : 834
Re: BAC TSR-2
par Nooril Jeu 22 Juil 2010, 10:14
Another political matter that did not help was the mutual distrust between the various services.
At the time that GOR.339 was being defined, the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] was in the midst of their NA.39 project, which would eventually become the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
This was also a low-altitude subsonic attack aircraft, but designed for over-water as opposed to over-land use.
The savings involved in both forces using a common aircraft would be considerable, and Blackburn offered the RAF a version of the NA.39 to fit some of the GOR.339 requirements.
At the time that GOR.339 was being defined, the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] was in the midst of their NA.39 project, which would eventually become the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
This was also a low-altitude subsonic attack aircraft, but designed for over-water as opposed to over-land use.
The savings involved in both forces using a common aircraft would be considerable, and Blackburn offered the RAF a version of the NA.39 to fit some of the GOR.339 requirements.
Nooril- CLUB
- Messages : 834
Page 2 sur 6 • 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
aeronewsline :: Accueil :: Histoire :: Aéronefs 1956 à 1965
Page 2 sur 6
Permission de ce forum:
Vous ne pouvez pas répondre aux sujets dans ce forum|
|
|