Consolidated B-32 Dominator

Consolidated B-32 Dominator

Un autre bombardier quad prévu au cas où le B 29 n'eut pas volé correctement

Sur Wikipedia.en :


The Consolidated B-32 Dominator (Consolidated Model 34) was a heavy bomber made for [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] during [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], and has the distinction of being the last Allied aircraft to be engaged in combat during World War II.

It was developed in parallel with the Boeing [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] as a fallback design should the Superfortress prove unsuccessful.

It only reached units in the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] during the summer of 1945, and subsequently only saw limited combat operations
against [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] targets before the end of the war.

Most of the extant orders of the B-32 were cancelled shortly thereafter and only 118 B-32s of all types were built.

Design and development


The engineering development of the B-29 had been underway since mid-1938 when, in June 1940, the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] requested a similar design from Consolidated Aircraft Company in case of development difficulties with the B-29.

The Consolidated Model 33 used to base its proposal was similar to the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

Like the B-24 it was originally designed with twin fins and a large Davis-type wing, but with a longer, rounder
fuselage and a rounded nose.

The powerplants were to be four 2,200 hp [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], the same as specified for B-29s.

The aircraft was designed to be pressurized, and have remote controlled retractable gun [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] with fourteen 50 caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns.
It was to have an estimated gross weight of 101,000 lb (45,814 kg).
The first contract for two XB-32's was signed on 6 September 1940, the same day as the contract for the Boeing prototype XB-29.

The first XB-32-CO, AAF s/n 41-141, were constructed next to the Army Air Force (AAF) Base [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] at the AAF [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] NO. 4 just west of Fort Worth, Texas along the south side of Lake Worth.

The [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] Bomber Plant assembly line was six months behind schedule, making its first flight on 7 September 1942.

Due to problems with the pressurization system, the gun turrets and landing gear doors, these items were omitted on the first prototype.
The aircraft had R-3350-13 engines inboard and R-3350-21s outboard driving three-bladed propellers.
The prototype was to have persistent problems with engine oil leaks and poor cooling. The B-29 had similar engine problems.
The inboard propellers could be reversed to shorten the landing roll.

The first XB-32 was armed with eight [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] in [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] turrets, and an odd combination of two .50 caliber and one 20 mm cannon in each outboard engine nacelle firing rearwards, plus two 50 caliber machine guns in the wings outboard of the propellers.

The turrets were remotely controlled from periscopic sights in aiming stations inside the aircraft.

The sights were coordinated by a sophisticated analog computer system developed by [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

Un petit air de famille avec le B 24...?

On 17 March 1943, the initial contract was signed for 300 B-32-CFs but development problems continued.

On 10 May 1943, the first XB-32 crashed on takeoff after making a total of 30 flights before the second XB-32, s/n 41-142, finally flew on 2 July 2.

This aircraft had a traditional stepped cockpit canopy.
Upon examination and testing the USAAF recommended a large number of changes that included more conventional gun stations.

The pressurization system problems were never solved and the intention that the aircraft were to be operated at low and medium heights only meant that it was easily eliminated from production aircraft.

Problems with the remote controlled gun turrets were also never solved and the armament on production aircraft was changed to ten .50 caliber machine guns in manually operated turrets:
Sperry A-17 turrets in the nose and tail, two Martin A-3F-A dorsal turrets, and one Sperry A-13-A ball turret.

The bomb load was increased by 4,000 pounds (1,814 kg) to 20,000 pounds (9,072 kg).

The second XB-32 continued to have stability problems.

In an attempt to resolve this a B-29 style tail was fitted to the aircraft after its 25th flight but this did not resolve the
problem and a Consolidated-designed 19.5 ft (5.9 m) vertical tail was added and first flown on the third XB-32, s/n 41-18336 on 3 November 1943.

The first production aircraft was fitted with a B-29 vertical tail initially before a new tail was eventually substituted.

By 1944 testing of the three prototypes permitted the AAF to place orders for over 1,500 B-32s.

The first production aircraft was delivered on 19 September 1944, by which time the B-29 was already in combat in [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

The first B-32 crashed on the same day it was delivered when the nose wheel collapsed on landing. Beginning on 27 January 1945, 40 B-32A-5, -10 and -15 aircraft were delivered as unarmed TB-32-CF crew trainers.

Originally, the Army Air Force intended the B-32 as a "fallback" design to be used only if the B-29 program fell significantly behind in its development schedule.

As development of the B-32 became seriously delayed this plan became unnecessary due to the success of the B-29.

Initial plans to use the B-32 to supplement the B-29 in re-equipping B-17 and B-24 groups before redeployment of the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] to the Pacific were stymied when only five production models had been delivered by the end of 1944, by which time full B-29 operations were underway in the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

Operational history


The first assignment of the B-32 began when General [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] the commander of Allied air forces in the South
West Pacific Area,
and commander of the U.S. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], traveled to [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] to request B-29s.

Since priority had been given to strategic bombing by the B-29, Kenney’s request was denied, after which he requested the B-32.

Following a demonstration, the Army General Staff agreed that Kenney could conduct a combat evaluation, and a test schedule of eleven missions was set up, followed by a plan to convert two of the 312th Bomb Group's four [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] squadrons to B-32s.

Project crews took three B-32s to [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], Luzon,[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] in mid-May 1945, for a series of test flights completed on 17 June.

The test crews were impressed with its unique reversible-pitch inboard propellers and the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] which gave it excellent landing performance.
However, they found a number of faults: the cockpit had an extremely high noise level, a poor instrument layout, the bombardier's vision was impaired, it was overweight and the nacelle design resulted in frequent engine fires.

The three test B-32s were assigned to the 312th BG's 386th Bomb Squadron.

On 29 May 1945, the first of four combat missions by the B-32 was flown against a supply depot at [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] in the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], followed by two B-32s dropping sixteen 2,000 pound (907 kg) bombs on a [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] at Taito, [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] on the 15th of June.

On 22 June, a B-32 bombed an alcohol plant at Heito, Formosa, with 500 pound bombs (227 kg) but a second B-32 missed flak positions with its 260-pound (118 kg) fragmentation bombs.

The last mission was flown on 25 June against bridges near[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] in [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

The testing missions were mostly successful, and, in July, the 386th Bomb Squadron completed its transition to the B-32, flying six more combat missions before the war ended.

On 13 August, the 386th BS moved from Luzon to Yontan Airfield on [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and flew mostly photographic [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] missions.

The missions were intended to monitor Japan's compliance with the cease fire and to gather information such as possible routes occupation forces could take into Tokyo.

In addition, Rudolph Pugliese, who was the 386th's assistant intelligence officer, said in 1997 that "the photo-recon missions were also intended to test the fidelity of the Japanese...[adherence] to the terms of the cease-fire."

On 17 August, three B-32s in a flight of four were attacked by Japanese flak and fighters. During the two-hour
engagement, the Dominators suffered only minor damage and none of their crew were injured.

"Though the B-32 gunners later claimed to have damaged one fighter and 'probably destroyed' two others, surviving Japanese records list no losses for that day or next."

Based on the Japanese action on the 17th, U.S. commanders felt that it was important to continue the reconnaissance missions over Tokyo so they could determine if it was an isolated incident or an indication that Japan
would reject the cease-fire and continue fighting.

On 18 August, four Dominators were given the task of photographing many of the targets covered on the previous day; however, mechanical problems caused two to be pulled from the flight.

Over Japan, a formation of 14 [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and three [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] fighters (as is often the case, Shiden-Kai is described as [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], but it may be misunderstanding of the crews) attacked the remaining two U.S. aircraft.

[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], a Japanese ace, said later there was concern that the Dominators were attacking.

Another Japanese ace, [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], stated in a 1978 Japanese magazine article that the fighter pilots could not bear to see American bombers flying serenely over a devastated Tokyo.

The B-32 Dominator Hobo Queen II (s/n 42-108532) was flying at 20,000 ft when the Japanese fighters took off and received no significant damage.
Hobo Queen II claimed two Zeros destroyed in the action as well as a probable Shiden-Kai.

The other Dominator was flying 10,000 ft below Hobo Queen II when the fighters took off.

The fighters heavily damaged that Dominator and seriously wounded two crew members.

Photographer Staff Sergeant Joseph Lacharite was wounded in the legs (his recovery required several years).

Sergeant Anthony Marchione, a photographer's assistant, helped Lacharite and then was fatally wounded himself.

Despite the damage it received, the Dominator was able to return to Okinawa.

Marchione was the last American to die in air combat in World War II.

On 19 August propellers were removed from all Japanese fighters as per the terms of the cease-fire agreement.

The last B-32 combat photo reconnaissance mission was completed on 28 August, during which two B-32s were
destroyed in separate accidents, with 15 of the 26 crewmen killed.

On 30 August, the 386th Bomb Squadron stood down from operations.

Production of the B-32 was cancelled on 8 September 1945, and ceased by 12 October.

B-32 Variations


XB-32-CO


Company Designation Model 33


Number Produced: 3

• XB-32-CO (3 Produced). On first aircraft: Wright R-3350-13 (inboard) and Wright R-3350-21 (outboard) engines, three bladed propeller, rounded, glassed nose, first two aircraft had a twin tail configuration. Second prototype was pressurized and had remotely-controlled retractable gun turrets in the dorsal ventral positions,
  with a manned tail "stinger." Second and third prototypes had numerous tail variations installed including a B-29 tail installation.
  

First Flight: 7 September 1942

s/n: 41-141 / 41-142 s/n: 41-8336

B-32


Company Designation Model 34

300 Ordered, 118 delivered, 130 flyable, 170 cancelled

First Flight 5 August 1944

• B-32-1CF (10 produced). Flight testing aircraft.
  Wright R-3350-23 engines. First two aircraft initially had modified B-29 tails installed. Installation of armament, single rudder tabs, radar bombing equipment (AN/APQ-5B & AN/APQ-13) and long range navigation equipment.
  

s/n: 42-108471 / 42-108480 (c/n 1 / 9)

• B-32-5CF (15 produced). Twin rudder tabs made standard. Last 11 aircraft converted to TB-32-5CF with deletion of all armament (openings faired over), deletion of radar bombing equipment, and deletion of long range navigation equipment.
  

s/n: 42-108481 / 42-108495 (c/n 10 / 25)

• TB-32-10CF (25 produced). Redesigned bombardier's entrance door, replacement of SCR-269-G Radio compass with AN/ARN-7 set, installation of engine fire extinguishers.
  

s/n: 42-108496 / 42-108520 (c/n 26 / 50)

• TB-32-15CF (4 produced). Empennage de-icer boots.
  

s/n: 42-108521 / 42-108524 (c/n 51 / 54)

• B-32-20CF (21 produced). Combat equipped aircraft.
  Pressurization system removed, scanning blister installed in rear fuselage.
  

s/n: 42-108525 / 42-108545 (c/n 55 / 75)

• B-32-21CF (1 conversion). A B-32-20CF converted to paratroop conversion. All bombing equipment removed and benches installed in rear bomb bay and rear fuselage.
  

s/n: 42-108527 (c/n 57)

• B-32-25CF (25 produced). Modified fuel system to allow auxiliary tanks in the bomb bay. AN/APN-9 LORAN.
  

s/n: 42-108546 / 42-108570 (c/n: 76 / 100)

• B-32-30CF (7 produced). Stabilized Sperry A-17A nose turret, installation of countermeasure equipment (AN/APQ-2, AN/APT-1 & AN/APT-2) and improved APQ-13A radar bombing equipment. Last three aircraft flown directly to storage & scrapped.
  

s/n 42-108571 / 42-106577 (c/n: 101 / 106)

• B-32-35CF (7 produced). Increased ammunition. Flown directly to storage & scrapped.
  

s/n: 42-108578 / 42-108584 (c/n 107 / 114)

• B-32-40CF (10 produced). Flown directly to storage & scrapped
  

s/n: 42-108585 / 42-108594 (c/n: 115 / 125)

• B-32-45CF/50CF (37 under construction).
  Partially-assembled machines were stripped of all their government-furnished equipment and engines and were scrapped on site by the contractor.
  

s/n 42-108595 / 42-108632

s/n 42-108636 / 42-108770 (contract cancelled)

• B-32-1CO (3 aircraft). B-32-20CF assembled by
  Consolidated – San Diego. 1 accepted - remaining two flown directly to storage & scrapped.
  

s/n: 44-904486 / 44-904488

Orders for a further 1,099 B-32-CFs and 499 B-32-COs were cancelled after VJ-Day.

Bibliography

• Andrade, John M. U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909. Earl Shilton, Leicester,
  UK: Midland Counties Publications, 1979. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Bowman, Martin W. USAAF Handbook 1939-1945. Stroud, Gloucestershire,
  UK: Sutton Publishing, 2003. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Harding, Stephen. "The Last to Die". Air & Space, Volume 23, no. 4, November 2008. (Text
  also available online, see External Links.)
  
• Harding, Stephen and James I. Long. Dominator: The Story of the Consolidated B-32 Bomber. Missoula, MT:
  Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1984. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Jones, Lloyd S. U.S. Bombers: B-1 1928 to B-1 1980s. Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, Inc.,
  1974. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Sinko, Benjamin A. Echoes of the Dominator: the Tales and the Men who flew the B-32. Blaine, MN:
  Up North Press, 2007. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  
• Wolf, William. Consolidated B-32 Dominator: The Ultimate Look, from Drawing Board to Scrapyard. Atglen,
  PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2006. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
  

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