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aeronewsline :: Accueil :: Histoire :: Aéronefs 1920 à 1939
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Re: Supermarine Spitfire
par Alun_D Dim 28 Mar 2010, 16:43
Variants
- Spiteful F Mk 14 - 19 built
- Spiteful F Mk 15 - 1 built - converted to Seafang prototype
- Spiteful F Mk 16 - 2 built - simple, three-speed Griffon conversions from Mark XIV's
- Seafang F.Mk 31 - 8 built
- Seafang F.Mk 32 - 10 built
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- Messages : 2003
Re: Supermarine Spitfire
par Alun_D Dim 28 Mar 2010, 16:45
Specifications (Spiteful XIV)
Data from Supermarine Aircraft since 1914
General characteristics
Data from Supermarine Aircraft since 1914
General characteristics
- Crew: One
- Length: 32 ft 11 in (10.03 m)
- [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]: 35 ft 0 in (10.67 m)
- Height: 13 ft 5 in (4.09 m)
- Wing area: 210 ft² (19.5 m²)
- Empty weight: 7,350 lb (3,331 kg)
- [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]: 9,950 lb (4,523 kg)
- Powerplant: 1× [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] 69 [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], 2,375 hp (1,772 kW)
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Re: Supermarine Spitfire
par Alun_D Dim 28 Mar 2010, 16:47
Performance
- [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]: 483 mph (420 knots, 778 km/h) at 21,000 ft (6,400 m)
- [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]: 564 mi (490 [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], 908 km)
- [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]: 42,000 ft (12,800 m)
- [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]: 4,890 ft/min (24.8 m/s)
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Re: Supermarine Spitfire
par Alun_D Dim 28 Mar 2010, 16:50
Bibliography ( Spiteful )
- Andrews, C.F. and E.B. Morgan. Supermarine Aircraft since 1914.
London: Putnam, Second edition, 1987. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]. - Humphreys, Robert. The Supermarine Spitfire, Part 2: Griffon-Powered (Modellers Datafile 5). Bedford, UK: SAM
Publications, 2001. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]. - Morgan, Eric B. and Edward Shacklady. Spitfire: The History (5th rev. edn.). London: Key Publishing, 2000. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
- Price, Alfred. The Spitfire Story. London: Silverdale Books, 1995. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
- [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]. Spitfire: A Test Pilot's Story. London: Arrow Books, 1985. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
- Robertson, Bruce. Spitfire: The Story of a Famous Fighter. Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, UK: Model & Allied Publications Ltd., 1960. Third revised edition 1973. [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
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- Messages : 2003
Re: Supermarine Spitfire
par Alun_D Dim 28 Mar 2010, 16:55
Fin de la partie Spiteful, avec une remarque : la version jet envisagée donna ensuite le Supermarine Attacker
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Le Spifire sur Wikipedia.en. Suite :
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Carburettor versus fuel injection
Early in its development, the Merlin engine's lack of direct [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] meant that both Spitfires and Hurricanes, unlike the Bf 109E, were unable to simply nose down into a steep dive.
This meant a Luftwaffe fighter could simply "bunt" into a high-power dive to escape an attack, leaving the Spitfire behind, as its fuel was forced by [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] out of the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
RAF fighter pilots soon learnt to "half-roll" their aircraft before diving to pursue their opponents.
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Le Spifire sur Wikipedia.en. Suite :
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carburettor versus fuel injection
Early in its development, the Merlin engine's lack of direct [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] meant that both Spitfires and Hurricanes, unlike the Bf 109E, were unable to simply nose down into a steep dive.
This meant a Luftwaffe fighter could simply "bunt" into a high-power dive to escape an attack, leaving the Spitfire behind, as its fuel was forced by [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] out of the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
RAF fighter pilots soon learnt to "half-roll" their aircraft before diving to pursue their opponents.
Alun_D- CLUB
- Messages : 2003
Re: Supermarine Spitfire
par Alun_D Dim 28 Mar 2010, 16:57
Carburettors were adopted because, as Sir [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] explained, it was believed that the carburettor "increased the performance of the supercharger and thereby increased the power of the engine."
In March 1941, a metal [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] with a hole in it was fitted across the float chambers. It partly cured the problem of [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] in a dive, and became known as "[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]" as it was invented by [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
Further improvements were introduced throughout the Merlin series, with [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]-manufactured[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] introduced in 1942.
In March 1941, a metal [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] with a hole in it was fitted across the float chambers. It partly cured the problem of [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] in a dive, and became known as "[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]" as it was invented by [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
Further improvements were introduced throughout the Merlin series, with [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]-manufactured[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] introduced in 1942.
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- Messages : 2003
Re: Supermarine Spitfire
par Alun_D Dim 28 Mar 2010, 16:59
Armament
Due to a shortage of Brownings, which had been selected as the new standard rifle calibre machine gun for the RAF in 1934, early Spitfires were fitted with only four guns, with the other four fitted later.
Early tests showed that while the guns worked perfectly on the ground and at low altitudes, they tended to freeze at high altitude, especially the outer wing guns.
This was because the RAF's Brownings had been modified to fire from an open bolt; while this prevented [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] of the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] used in British ammunition, it allowed cold air to flow through the barrel unhindered.
Supermarine did not fix the problem until October 1938, adding hot air ducts from the rear of the wing mounted radiators to the guns, and bulkheads around the gunbays to trap the hot air in the wing.
Due to a shortage of Brownings, which had been selected as the new standard rifle calibre machine gun for the RAF in 1934, early Spitfires were fitted with only four guns, with the other four fitted later.
Early tests showed that while the guns worked perfectly on the ground and at low altitudes, they tended to freeze at high altitude, especially the outer wing guns.
This was because the RAF's Brownings had been modified to fire from an open bolt; while this prevented [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] of the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] used in British ammunition, it allowed cold air to flow through the barrel unhindered.
Supermarine did not fix the problem until October 1938, adding hot air ducts from the rear of the wing mounted radiators to the guns, and bulkheads around the gunbays to trap the hot air in the wing.
Alun_D- CLUB
- Messages : 2003
Re: Supermarine Spitfire
par Alun_D Dim 28 Mar 2010, 17:02
Red fabric patches were doped over the gun ports to protect the guns from cold, dirt and moisture until they were fired.
Even if the eight Brownings worked perfectly, pilots soon discovered that they were not sufficient to destroy larger aircraft.
Combat reports showed that an average of 4,500 rounds was needed to shoot down an enemy aircraft.
In November 1938, tests against armoured and unarmoured targets had already indicated that the introduction of a weapon of at least 20 mm calibre was urgently needed.
A variant on the Spitfire design with 20mm Hispano cannon had been tendered to specification F37/35 but the order for prototypes had gone to the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] with production ordered in January 1939.
Even if the eight Brownings worked perfectly, pilots soon discovered that they were not sufficient to destroy larger aircraft.
Combat reports showed that an average of 4,500 rounds was needed to shoot down an enemy aircraft.
In November 1938, tests against armoured and unarmoured targets had already indicated that the introduction of a weapon of at least 20 mm calibre was urgently needed.
A variant on the Spitfire design with 20mm Hispano cannon had been tendered to specification F37/35 but the order for prototypes had gone to the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] with production ordered in January 1939.
Alun_D- CLUB
- Messages : 2003
Re: Supermarine Spitfire
par Alun_D Dim 28 Mar 2010, 17:03
In June 1939, a single Spitfire was fitted with a single drum-fed Hispano in each wing, an installation that required large blisters on the wing to cover the 60-round drum.
The cannons suffered frequent stoppages, mostly because the guns were mounted on their sides to fit as much as possible of the magazine within the wing.
In January 1940, PO George Proudman flew this prototype in combat, but the starboard gun stopped after firing a single round, while the port gun fired 30 rounds before seizing.
The cannons suffered frequent stoppages, mostly because the guns were mounted on their sides to fit as much as possible of the magazine within the wing.
In January 1940, PO George Proudman flew this prototype in combat, but the starboard gun stopped after firing a single round, while the port gun fired 30 rounds before seizing.
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- Messages : 2003
Re: Supermarine Spitfire
par Alun_D Dim 28 Mar 2010, 17:05
If one cannon seized, the recoil of the other threw the aircraft off aim.
Nevertheless, 30 more cannon-armed Spitfires were ordered for operational trials, and they were soon known as the Mk IB, to distinguish them from the Browning-armed Mk IA.
In June 1940, they were delivered to No. 19 Squadron.
The Hispanos, though, were still so unreliable that the squadron requested an exchange of its aircraft with the older Browning-armed, aircraft of an operational training unit.
But in August, Supermarine had perfected a more reliable installation of the cannons with an improved feed mechanism and four .303 in outer wing panels.
The modified fighters were then delivered to 19 Squadron.
Nevertheless, 30 more cannon-armed Spitfires were ordered for operational trials, and they were soon known as the Mk IB, to distinguish them from the Browning-armed Mk IA.
In June 1940, they were delivered to No. 19 Squadron.
The Hispanos, though, were still so unreliable that the squadron requested an exchange of its aircraft with the older Browning-armed, aircraft of an operational training unit.
But in August, Supermarine had perfected a more reliable installation of the cannons with an improved feed mechanism and four .303 in outer wing panels.
The modified fighters were then delivered to 19 Squadron.
Alun_D- CLUB
- Messages : 2003
Re: Supermarine Spitfire
par Alun_D Dim 28 Mar 2010, 17:07
Production
In February 1936 the director of Vickers-Armstrongs, Sir Robert MacLean, guaranteed production of five aircraft a week, beginning 15 months after an order was placed.
On 3 June 1936, the Air Ministry placed an order for 310 aircraft, for a price of [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]1,395,000.
Full-scale production of the Spitfire began at Supermarine's facility in [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], but it quickly became clear that the order could not be completed in the 15 months promised.
Supermarine was a small company, already busy building the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], and its parent company, Vickers, was busy building the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
The initial solution was to subcontract the work out.
In February 1936 the director of Vickers-Armstrongs, Sir Robert MacLean, guaranteed production of five aircraft a week, beginning 15 months after an order was placed.
On 3 June 1936, the Air Ministry placed an order for 310 aircraft, for a price of [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]1,395,000.
Full-scale production of the Spitfire began at Supermarine's facility in [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], but it quickly became clear that the order could not be completed in the 15 months promised.
Supermarine was a small company, already busy building the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], and its parent company, Vickers, was busy building the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
The initial solution was to subcontract the work out.
Alun_D- CLUB
- Messages : 2003
Re: Supermarine Spitfire
par Alun_D Dim 28 Mar 2010, 17:09
The first production Spitfire rolled off the assembly line in mid-1938, and was flown on 15 May 1938, almost 24 months after the initial order.
The final cost of the first 310 aircraft, after delays and increased programme costs, came to [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]1,870,242 or £1,533 more per aircraft than originally estimated.
Production aircraft cost about £9,500.
The most expensive components were the hand-fabricated and finished fuselage at approximately £2,500, then the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine at £2,000, followed by the wings at £1,800 a pair, guns and undercarriage, both at £800 each, and the propeller at £350.
The final cost of the first 310 aircraft, after delays and increased programme costs, came to [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]1,870,242 or £1,533 more per aircraft than originally estimated.
Production aircraft cost about £9,500.
The most expensive components were the hand-fabricated and finished fuselage at approximately £2,500, then the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine at £2,000, followed by the wings at £1,800 a pair, guns and undercarriage, both at £800 each, and the propeller at £350.
Alun_D- CLUB
- Messages : 2003
Re: Supermarine Spitfire
par Alun_D Dim 28 Mar 2010, 18:10
Castle Bromwich
By 1938, with the increased belligerence of the Nazis, the Government and Air Ministry were anticipating that a new war was inevitable.
To help build Spitfires in the numbers which were now required, on 12 July 1938 a huge new facility was started at [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
This was the first "shadow factory" to be built, supplementing Supermarine's original factories in [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
The most modern [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] then available were being installed two months after work started on the site.
By 1938, with the increased belligerence of the Nazis, the Government and Air Ministry were anticipating that a new war was inevitable.
To help build Spitfires in the numbers which were now required, on 12 July 1938 a huge new facility was started at [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
This was the first "shadow factory" to be built, supplementing Supermarine's original factories in [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
The most modern [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] then available were being installed two months after work started on the site.
Alun_D- CLUB
- Messages : 2003
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