Lockheed L-188 Electra
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Lockheed L-188 Electra
Lockheed L 188 Electra sur Wikipedia.en
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The Lockheed Model 188 Electra is an American [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] airliner built by [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
First flying in 1957, it was the first large turboprop airliner produced in the United States.
Initial sales were good, but after two fatal crashes which prompted an expensive modification program to fix a design defect, no further orders were placed.
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The Lockheed Model 188 Electra is an American [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] airliner built by [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
First flying in 1957, it was the first large turboprop airliner produced in the United States.
Initial sales were good, but after two fatal crashes which prompted an expensive modification program to fix a design defect, no further orders were placed.
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Re: Lockheed L-188 Electra
The type was soon replaced by [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] airliners but many were modified as freighters and the type continues to operate in various roles into the 21st Century.
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien][Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] The airframe was also used as the basis for the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] maritime patrol aircraft.
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien][Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] The airframe was also used as the basis for the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] maritime patrol aircraft.
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Development
Lockheed had established a strong position in airliner production with its piston-engined [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and was approached by Capital Airlines to develop a turboprop airliner, but with no interest from other American carriers the company did not produce a design; Capital Airlines went on to order 60 British [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] four-engined turboprop airliners.
Lockheed had established a strong position in airliner production with its piston-engined [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and was approached by Capital Airlines to develop a turboprop airliner, but with no interest from other American carriers the company did not produce a design; Capital Airlines went on to order 60 British [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] four-engined turboprop airliners.
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Re: Lockheed L-188 Electra
American Airlines then revised its requirement and specified a four-engine design for 75 passengers and a range of 2000 miles (3220 km).
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] To meet this Lockheed proposed a new design, the CL-310 with a low wing and either four Rolls-Royce Darts or Napier Elands.
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] The CL-310 design meet the American Airlines requirement but Eastern Airlines wanted an aircraft with more range and 85 to 90 seats.
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]Lockheed modified and enlarged the CL-310 design to use the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], a civilian version of the T56 originally developed for the prototype [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] military transport.[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] To meet this Lockheed proposed a new design, the CL-310 with a low wing and either four Rolls-Royce Darts or Napier Elands.
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] The CL-310 design meet the American Airlines requirement but Eastern Airlines wanted an aircraft with more range and 85 to 90 seats.
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]Lockheed modified and enlarged the CL-310 design to use the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], a civilian version of the T56 originally developed for the prototype [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] military transport.[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]
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This design was launched as the Model 188 with an order for 35 aircraft by American Airlines on June 8, 1955, this was followed by an Eastern Airlines order for 40 on September 27, 1955.
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] The first aircraft took 26 months to complete and by that time Lockheed had orders for 129 aircraft.
The prototype, a Model 188A, first flew on December 6, 1957.[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien][Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and a was awarded a [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] by the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] (FAA) on 22 August 1958.
The first delivery was to Eastern Airlines on October 8, 1958 although it did not enter service until January 1959.[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] The first aircraft took 26 months to complete and by that time Lockheed had orders for 129 aircraft.
The prototype, a Model 188A, first flew on December 6, 1957.[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien][Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and a was awarded a [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] by the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] (FAA) on 22 August 1958.
The first delivery was to Eastern Airlines on October 8, 1958 although it did not enter service until January 1959.[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]
Ramjet2- CLUB
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Re: Lockheed L-188 Electra
In 1957 the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] issued a requirement for an advanced [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
Lockheed proposed a development of the Electra which was later placed into production as the P-3 Orion, which saw much greater success as it approaches nearly 50 years of front-line service.
Lockheed proposed a development of the Electra which was later placed into production as the P-3 Orion, which saw much greater success as it approaches nearly 50 years of front-line service.
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Re: Lockheed L-188 Electra
Design
The Model 188 Electra is a low-wing cantilever monoplane powered by four wing-mounted Allison 501-D13 turboprops.
It has a retractable nose-wheel landing gear and a conventional tailplane.
It has a cockpit crew of three and can carry 66 to 80 passengers in a mixed-class arrangement, although 98 could be carried in a high-density configuration.
The Model 188 Electra is a low-wing cantilever monoplane powered by four wing-mounted Allison 501-D13 turboprops.
It has a retractable nose-wheel landing gear and a conventional tailplane.
It has a cockpit crew of three and can carry 66 to 80 passengers in a mixed-class arrangement, although 98 could be carried in a high-density configuration.
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Re: Lockheed L-188 Electra
Operational history
Civil operations
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] was the launch customer, followed by [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
The Electra suffered a troubled start in service.
Passengers of early aircraft complained of high noise levels in the cabin forward of the wings, caused by propeller resonance.
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] To solve this problem, Lockheed redesigned the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] to tilt the engines upwards by three degrees.[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]
Civil operations
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] was the launch customer, followed by [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] and [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].
The Electra suffered a troubled start in service.
Passengers of early aircraft complained of high noise levels in the cabin forward of the wings, caused by propeller resonance.
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] To solve this problem, Lockheed redesigned the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] to tilt the engines upwards by three degrees.[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]
Ramjet2- CLUB
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Re: Lockheed L-188 Electra
The changes were incorporated on the production line by mid-1959 or as modification kits for the aircraft already built, and resulted in much-improved performance as well as increased passenger comfort.
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] Much worse, three were lost in fatal accidents in 14 months between February 1959 and March 1960.
Following the third crash the FAA restricted the maximum speed at which Electras could be flown until the cause could be determined.[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] Much worse, three were lost in fatal accidents in 14 months between February 1959 and March 1960.
Following the third crash the FAA restricted the maximum speed at which Electras could be flown until the cause could be determined.[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]
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Re: Lockheed L-188 Electra
After an extensive investigation, two of the crashes (in September 1959 and March 1960) were found to be caused by an engine mount problem.
They were not strong enough to dampen a whirling mode that affected the outboard engine nacelles.
When the oscillation was transmitted to the wings they were attached to, a severe up-and-down vibration escalated until the wings would tear themselves off the aircraft.[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]
They were not strong enough to dampen a whirling mode that affected the outboard engine nacelles.
When the oscillation was transmitted to the wings they were attached to, a severe up-and-down vibration escalated until the wings would tear themselves off the aircraft.[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]
Ramjet2- CLUB
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Re: Lockheed L-188 Electra
The company implemented an expensive modification program labelled the Lockheed Electra Achievement Program or LEAP, in which the engine mounts and the wing structures supporting the mounts were strengthened, and some of the wing skins replaced with thicker material.
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] Each of the survivors of the 145 Electras built to that time was modified at Lockheed's expense at the factory, the modifications taking 20 days for each aircraft; and the changes were incorporated in subsequent aircraft as they were built.
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] However the damage had been done, the public lost confidence in the type; this and the smaller jets that were being introduced eventually relegated Electras to only the smallest airliners.
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] Each of the survivors of the 145 Electras built to that time was modified at Lockheed's expense at the factory, the modifications taking 20 days for each aircraft; and the changes were incorporated in subsequent aircraft as they were built.
[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] However the damage had been done, the public lost confidence in the type; this and the smaller jets that were being introduced eventually relegated Electras to only the smallest airliners.
Ramjet2- CLUB
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Localisation : P
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