Panavia Tornado

The Tornado is capable of delivering air-launched [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]. In 1979, Britain considered replacing its [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] submarines with either the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] submarines or alternatively the Tornado as the main bearer of its [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

Although the UK proceeded with Trident, several Tornado squadrons based in Germany were assigned to [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] to deter a major Soviet offensive with both conventional and nuclear weapons, namely the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] nuclear bomb, which was retired in 1998.

German and Italian Tornados are capable of delivering US [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien], which are made available through NATO.

GR 4

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Engine


Britain considered the selection of [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] to develop the advanced engine for the MRCA to be essential, and was
strongly opposed to adopting an engine from an American manufacturer, to the point where the UK might have withdrawn over the issue. In September 1969, Rolls-Royce's [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] engine was selected to power the MRCA.

One advantage over the US competition was that a [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] between the partner nations had been agreed; the engine was to be developed and manufactured by a joint company, [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien].

The programme was delayed by Rolls-Royce's entry into receivership in 1971, the nature of the multinational collaboration process helped avoid major disruption of the Tornado programme.

Research from the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] contributed to the development and final design of the RB.199 and of the engine control units.

In order to provide the desired performance several features were used in the RB.199.

In order to operate efficiently across a wide range of conditions and speeds up to Mach 2, the RB.199 and several other
engines make use of [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] to control the air flow.^{[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]}

The hydraulic system is pressurised by syphoning power from both or either operational engine; the hydraulics are completely contained within the airframe rather than integrating with the engine to improve safety and maintainability.

In case of double-engine, or double-generator, failure, the Tornado has a single-use battery capable of operating the fuel pump and hydraulics for up to 13 minutes.

Relatively rare amongst fighter aircraft, the RB.199 is fitted with [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] to decrease the distance required to safely land.^{[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]} In order to fully deploy the thrust reverser during landings, the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] is connected to the steering of the nosewheel to provide greater stability.^{[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]}

In August 1974, the first RB.199 powered flight of a prototype Tornado occurred; the engine completed its qualification tests in late 1978.

The final production standard engine met both reliability and performance standards, though the development cost had been higher than predicted, in part due to the ambitious performance requirements.

At the time of the Tornado's introduction to service, the [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien] of the engine suffered from a shorter life span than desired; this was subsequently rectified by the implementation of design revisions upon early-production engines. Several uprated engines were developed and used on both the majority of Tornado ADVs and Germany's Tornado ECRs.