Re: British Aircraft Corporation 1-11 (BAC 1-11)

par Cyclope3 Mar 14 Sep 2010, 05:51

[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir cette image]

par Cyclope3 Mar 14 Sep 2010, 05:52

8mm cine film of the first flight of the BAC 1-11 from the private collection of Sir George Edwards

[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 10:12

Le BAC 1-11 sur Wikipedia.en

[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The British Aircraft Corporation One-Eleven, also known as the BAC-111 or the BAC-1-11, was a British short-range jet airliner of the 1960s and 1970s.

Conceived by Hunting Aircraft, it was developed and produced by the British Aircraft Corporation when Hunting merged into BAC along with other British aircraft makers in 1960.

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 10:14

[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir cette image]

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 10:14

The One-Eleven was designed to replace the Vickers Viscount on short-range routes. It was the second short-haul jet airliner to enter service, the first being the French Sud Aviation Caravelle.

Due to its later service entry, the One-Eleven took advantage of more efficient engines and airline experience of jets.

This made it popular, with over half of the sales at its launch being in the largest and most lucrative market, the United States.

The One-Eleven was one of the most successful British airliner designs, and served until its widespread retirement in the 1990s due to noise restrictions.

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 10:16

[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir cette image]

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 10:17

Design and development

In 1956, both Vickers and Hunting started design studies on jet replacements for the Viscount. Vickers offered a 140-seat development of its VC10 project: the VC11. Hunting offered the all-new 100-seat Hunting 107.

In 1960 Hunting, under British government pressure, merged with Vickers-Armstrongs, Bristol, and English Electric to form BAC. In 1961, BAC decided to continue work on the Hunting 107 as a private venture. It redesignated it One-Eleven (the first BAC project and the eleventh Vickers civil aircraft).

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 10:19

[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir cette image]

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 10:19

Because of the short delay over the merger, the One-Eleven was able to use the new Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan, greatly improving its fuel economy.

BAC was concerned the aircraft was too large to fit the Viscount role in the original Hunting configuration and reduced its capacity to 80 seats.

This version became the One-Eleven 200, the original design having retroactively become the 100.

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 10:20

[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir cette image]

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 10:20

The One-Eleven 200, 300 and 400

On 9 May 1961 British United Airways (BUA) placed the first order for ten One-Eleven 200s. On 23 October Braniff in the United States ordered six.

Other orders followed from Mohawk for four, Kuwait Airways for three, and Central African Airways for two. Braniff subsequently doubled its order to twelve, while Aer Lingus ordered four.

Western Airlines ordered ten aircraft but later cancelled. Bonanza Air Lines also wanted to order One-Elevens at a later stage but was stopped by a protectionist action of the US Department of Transportation.

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 10:21

[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir cette image]

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 11:00

In May 1963, BAC announced the One-Eleven 300 and 400.

The new versions used the Mk. 511 version of the Spey with increased power, allowing more fuel upload and hence longer range.

There were a number of other changes, with the main visual difference being in the nosewheel doors.

The difference between the 300 and 400 lay in their equipment and avionics, with the 400 intended for sales in the USA and thus equipped with US instruments.

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 11:00

[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir cette image]

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 11:01

American Airlines ordered fifteen aircraft on 17 July 1963, bringing the order total to sixty, plus options for many more.

American Airlines eventually bought a total of thirty of the 400-series, making that airline the largest ever customer of One-Elevens.

This was assumed to be enough for BAC to break even on the project. In retrospect, however, many have doubted whether BAC and its successors made money on the One-Eleven.

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 11:02

[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir cette image]

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 11:15

The prototype (G-ASHG) rolled out of the Hurn assembly hall on 28 July 1963, its first flight following soon on 20 August.

This was almost a year ahead of the competing US airliner, the Douglas DC-9.

This lead was commercially most important, since — as shown by the Bonanza case — US authorities could refuse to approve sales of foreign aircraft to domestic airlines where an American alternative existed.

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 11:16

[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir cette image]

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 11:40

The One-Eleven prototype, flown by test pilot Mike Lithgow, crashed with the loss of all on board on 22 October during stall testing.

The investigation led to the discovery of what became known as deep stall or superstall, a phenomenon caused by reduced airflow to the tailplane caused by the combined blanking effects of the wing and the aft-mounted engine nacelles at high angles of attack, which prevents recovery of normal (nose-down) flight.

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 11:41

[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir cette image]

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 11:41

To preclude such stalls, BAC designed and added devices known as stick shakers and stick pushers to the One-Eleven's control system.

It also redesigned the wing's leading edge to smooth airflow into the engines and over the tailplane.

The specially modified aircraft used for testing this problem is located at Brooklands Museum, Weybridge, Surrey, UK.

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 11:42

[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir cette image]

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 11:43

Despite the crash, testing continued and customer confidence remained high.

American Airlines and Braniff took up their optional orders and placed further ones in February 1964.

Further orders came from Mohawk, Philippine Airlines and Helmut Horten who ordered the first Executive modification of the aircraft.

By the end of 1964, thirteen aircraft had rolled off the production line.

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 11:44

[Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir cette image]

par Cyclope3 Lun 20 Sep 2010, 11:45

The One-Eleven was certified and the first handover, of G-ASJI to BUA, was on 22 January 1965.

After several weeks of route-proving flights, the first revenue service flew on 9 April from Gatwick to Genoa. Braniff took delivery of their first aircraft on 11 March, while Mohawk received their first on 15 May.

Deliveries continued, and by the end of 1965 airlines had received 34 aircraft. Demand continued to be buoyant, with a second production line set up at Weybridge.

par Contenu sponsorisé